NASA explains how it keeps the Curiosity rover running, 13 years later

Thirteen years ago, the Curiosity rover landed on Mars, inside Gale crater in particular. It was originally sent to the red planet for a two-year mission, but it was extended indefinitely just a few months into its operations. The rover has several goals, most of which are meant to help scientists determine whether Mars could ever have supported life in the past. And while it’s still very much operational and doing science, NASA has had to make adjustments and give it new capabilities to ensure that it can keep running.

In a new post celebrating the 13th anniversary of the rover’s landing, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory has detailed the updates the Curiosity team has had to implement. To start with, the team manages the rover’s daily power budget with great care to make sure it can do its job and last longer. See, Curiosity uses a power system called Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG), which relies on decaying plutonium pellets to generate energy. As the plutonium decays over time, it takes longer and longer for the system to recharge the rover’s battery.

That’s why the team now meticulously factors in every device that draws on the batteries. They consolidate Curiosity’s tasks to shorten the time the rover is active to also reduce the energy used. The ground team, for instance, tells Curiosity to talk to an orbiter while driving or moving its robotic arm instead of doing one task at a time. If the rover finishes its tasks early, it can go to sleep early and recharge for the next day, which JPL says maximizes the life of the MMRTG.

Over the past years, NASA has also rolled out updates to change how the rover’s robotic arm drill collects samples and to improve its driving capabilities. JPL developed an algorithm to reduce wear on the rover’s wheels, as well, so they can last longer.

From the time Curiosity had landed on Mars, it has provided us with multiple discoveries and new information. It discovered organic molecules in Martian atmosphere and soil, detected “startlingly high” levels of methane that’s a gas typically produced by life as we know it, and it found evidence of ancient megafloods on the red planet. And water, as you know, could indicate the presence of life.